Post-Modern Anthropology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Post-Modern Anthropology - Dissertation Example Postmodern anthropology provided solutions that religion did not fathom to the problem of mental illness. Over long time religion patented that madness could only be controlled but not cured, but with advent of the anthropological theory, â€Å"religion was part of the movement which indicated in spite of everything the presence of reason of madness and which led from insanity to health† (Michael and Richard 1961:394). The understanding of the real nature of madness helped in deriving a way the fear that had been passing down like an evocation of a common nature. Before the adoption of the contemporary anthropology, the society was encapsulated with an error that alienated the people of their freedom and joy. As a result of the theory, madness could cause no more fear and the solitary attitude and character that existed between the sane and the madman disappeared. The use of such theory enabled the understanding of the ancient mythical methods of treatments of such illnesses i n the olden society and also provided the cause of such diseases thereby enabling the acquisition of medication. â€Å"The obscure guilt that once linked transgression and unreason is thus shifted; the madman, as human being originally endowed with reason is no longer guilty of being mad† and can instead now feel morally responsible and respected especially because the disease can be treated. Natural religion which was mostly a local cures’ concern proved effective. It made use of the benevolence of nature to cure.

Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Management - Assignment Example Cadbury has been operating in India for over 60 years now. It started its operation by importing chocolates in 1948. Presently, the company boasts of a market share of above 70% which is the highest share of the brand across the globe. Cadbury’s billion Dollar brand ‘Dairy Milk’ is referred in India as the â€Å"gold standard† in terms of chocolates. Cadbury was also a pioneer in India for developing cocoa cultivation, since 1965. They have given a quality life to thousands of farmers through their continuous efforts to increase the production of cocoa. No wonder that a Cocoa tree in India is popular in the name of Cadbury tree (Cadbury, n.d.). It can be said that Cadbury is the synonym for chocolates in India and also the brand loyalty of Cadbury in India is quite high. Thus, based on these important criteria’s, India has been preferred for the launch of a new brand of Cadbury (Doddamani, 2011). Situation Analysis PESTLE Analysis Political Change in regulations and laws regarding international food labelling and trade are bound to affect Cadbury. Cadbury should be aware of the Food Safety Act and should take care in not violating it. Cadbury should also be cautious and ensure that none of its manufacturing plants are breaking laws related to production such as employing minors or paying less wage compared to the stated amount in the Wages Act (Mullerschon, n.d.). Economical The economy in India is a bit stable at this point, thus, launching a new chocolate bar would be supported (Mullerschon, n.d.). The stable economic condition has increased the per capita income which signifies that the disposable income of the populace of the country is higher at present. High rate in consumer spending and decrease in interest rates would help to encourage launching of a new brand (Mullerschon, n.d.). Increase in the population of middle income group would signify increasing demands. The cost of production in India would be low compared to other countries, thus, this would make market penetration easy for Cadbury. The market of chocolate in India is growing and there is immense scope to be exploited. The chocolate industry of India is a unique mix of attitudes, high consumption patterns, income levels, beliefs and spending. The country has high sales and many segments that are still uncovered (Doddamani, 2011). Social People nowadays have become quite health conscious and are trying to cut down on soft drinks, confectionaries and sweat meat because of high cholesterol and calorie. However, Cadbury has an edge over this as their products are becoming substitutes of sweet meat and confectionaries. Cadbury enjoys strong customer loyalty and their opinion is high regarding this company, thus, there is not any reason for the consumers to stop buying their products. The gift culture in India is growing, which will also enable to keep a sustained demand of Cadbury’s products (Mullerschon, n.d.). Technological Producti on is increasing because of machines with high technology and this enables the factories to produce in

Medical Marijuana and the Legalization Debate

Medical Marijuana and the Legalization Debate Introduction Medical marijuana or medical cannabis can be defined as the use of marijuana for medical purposes. Marijuana itself is a drug that comes from the cut and dried leaves of hemp plant also referred to as cannabis sativa. Its most active ingredient is delta tetrahydrocannibinol. Throughout history marijuana has been used in many different cultures to change perception, mood and consciousness. Its effects range from provoking mystical experiences to the increment of creativity. It comes second from alcohol in the list of recreational drugs. Around the globe, it has been used for many purposes. For example in the primitive tribes of South America India and Africa it is used for religious and ceremonies and also for some medical purposes. For instance the African mine workers used it in easing the drudgery of their work while the Jamaicans used it in the evenings to ease or relieved their fatigue. The ancient Persians, Greeks, East Indians, Assyrians and Romans used marijuana as the drug fo r controlling reducing muscles spasms, treating indigestion and the reduction of pain (Roth Rebecca 1). There are two sides on the issue of legalization of marijuana and each side has a multitude of reasons as to why medical marijuana should be legalized. This leaves one unsure of which side is credible. Reasons as to why medical marijuana should not be legalized. There are some reasons as to why the some people in the society are refuting the legalization of medical marijuana. One of the reasons is that medical marijuana is perceived to be addictive in many countries. For example in the united states of America the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana as a schedule 1 drug on basis that it contained high potential for abuse. This was propelled by the perception that people who consume it usually get hooked up therefore becoming potheads and the drug eventually dominates their lives. They also believe that the frequent overuse of the drug can lead to lethargic behaviors or even serious health problems. Addiction is brought by the fact that there is a possibility that someone treated for chronic periods of time for a constant pain will eventually become more dependent on the drug. He will also require high amounts than before. This addiction may lead to death due to respiratory failure. Another reason as to why some people are against the legalization of the medical marijuana is because they hold the idea that it has no accepted medical use. For example marijuana may yield considerable medical benefits for many patients with ailments such as cancer and glaucoma but these benefits have not been universally accepted both nationally and internationally. Another reason as to why many people are opposing this initiative is that it is historically linked to narcotics such as cocaine and heroine. For example in America the early anti-drug laws were stipulated so that they may regulate narcotics which included opium and its derivatives such morphine and heroine. These anti-drug laws also regulated marijuana although it is not a narcotic. The other reason is that some people believe that marijuana as a drug is associated with unfashionable styles. This is because often many people have taken marijuana to be the drug for losers and hippies. They feel that its legalization wil l lead to increased number of losers and hippies and therefore imposing of criminal sanctions against people who are found to be in possession of marijuana is perceived to a form of communal protection or tough love. Some people who are opposing the legalization of medical marijuana feel that there is no enough evidence to show that the drugs cure disease. In some countries (Holland and Amsterdam) where medical marijuana is considered to be illegal, it is assumed that marijuana can not be used for medical purposes because of some harmful effect brought about by its use. For example it is assumed that it affects the skills required for one to drive safely because it lowers alertness or the ability to concentrate, ability to react quickly and personal coordination. It also affects the driving skills by making it difficult for one to react to signals, sounds on the road and judge distances. Other harmful consequence of marinol drug which is made from marijuana include premature cancer, mental disorders such as depression, increased aggressiveness and hostility, memory loss, general apathy impairment of the immune system and the reproductive disabilities. For example scientific studies indicate that marijuana weakens the immune system of people suffering from AIDS for it is estimated that marijuana smokers who are HIV positive progress to the full blown aids twice as fast as the non-smokers. Opposers of legalization of the medical marijuana also believe that legalizing of the drug will lead to increased access to marijuana for the young population who are most likely to be damaged by the drug use. They also argue that there are many other drugs which can be used in the treatment of the same diseases. Therefore, the use of marijuana for medical purposes is uncalled for. The opposers continue to assert that it is harmful because it is an unstable mixture made up of more those 425 chemicals which usually convert to thousands especially when it is being smoked (Marijuana.com 1) Reasons as to why medical marijuana should be legalized. A raging debate has ensued about the legalization of the marijuana medicine. The proponents of the legalization of marijuana believe that marijuana should be moved to a schedule II drug so that it can be useful to a point that it can be prescribed by a doctor. They also believe that it doesnt cause some health problems like those caused by alcohol or tobacco such as strong addiction, cancer, heart problems, birth defects liver damage and emphysema. They also believe that death from an overdose is impossible. A study carried out by the UCLA school of medicine which featured 243 marijuana smokers over 8 years of smoking has shown that neither the intermitted nor the continuing marijuana smokers showed any declining rates in the lung function compared to the people who have never smoked marijuana (Barry 1). Many proponents also believe that many people are arrested and charged when they take marijuana for treatment since many people would rather face the law that die of certain diseases which can be remedied by marijuana. They also assert that scientific and medical tests dating back to thousand of years point to the medical properties of cannabis. They also state that thousands of doctors, patients and their families have also have also witnessed the medical benefits of marijuana because they have told other through testimonies in public hearing and also in the mass media. They have also contributed to books and even research studies on the drug. The proponents claim that the phenomenon (use of marijuana for medical purposes) is real and those who say the evidence is not sufficient are missing the point. They also argue that the evidence is enough for one to declare that there is no any valuable reason as to why medical patients who use marijuana for legitimate medical reason should be subjected to arrest, jails, public embarrassment and fines. They argue that the decisions about the use or purposes of marijuana lie in the hand s of doctors and patients. Some countries or states have legalized and others are pushing for the legalization of medical marijuana because of its positive attributes which include the medical value and its use as a recreational drug accompanied by relatively mild side effects. Many people believe that its a good treatment of some ailments. For example it provide the relief in pain, spasticity, nausea and many other symptoms which have not been successfully been treated with conventional medications. This is evident from the State of California whereby the smoking of marijuana has effectively been used in the relieving of chronic HIV associated nerve pains which were characterized by aching, burning and painful numbness. The patients were advised to smoke marijuana at least three times a day so that they can do away with the pain. People say it helps cancer patients because they believe it can stimulate appetite therefore alleviating the vomiting and nausea associated with the chemotherapy procedures (Sanfranc iscocannabisclubs.com 1). It is also argued that marijuana offers a mild and moderate way of relaxing unlike alcohol which has some of the vices associated with it such as frequent urination, nausea and at times vomiting especially when the individual had not taken some food before drinking taking it. After personal observations done by many people it is said that marijuana can be a good choice of drug because it has relatively low dependence liability and it is a little bit easier to control its side effects compared to the other drugs. It is believed that most of the marijuana users mainly develop tolerance to the drugs side effects and those who do not then stop using the drug with an immediate effect (Alternet.org 1). Conclusively, legalization of marijuana is a hotly contested debate between the opposers and proposers. Each side has got a multitude of reasons to support its respective stand and this creates an evenly balanced debate. Some of the medical reasons cited by one side are a counter to the reasons put forward by the other side. This creates a quagmire regarding the whole issue as one is unsure of which side is more credible. Works cited Sanfranciscocannabisclubs.com. The Medical Marijuana Guide, 2009. Retrieved from  http://www.sanfranciscocannabisclubs.com/medical-marijuana/  The source talks about the diseases which can be treated through the use of marijuana as the medicine Roth, Rebecca. Medical Marijuana, 2008. Retrieved from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1901  This source talks about the history of marijuana a and how it was used the past or its main uses. Alternet.org. The Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should Be Legal, 2007. Retrieved from  http://www.alternet.org/drugs/60959/  The article gives some of the reasons as to why there should be the legalization of the medical marijuana Marijuana.com. Marijuana should not be legal because, 2000. Retrieved from  http://www.marijuana.com/legalization-decriminalization/1004-marijuana-should-not-legal-because.html  The article gives some of the reasons as to why some people do not support the legalization of medical marijuana Barry, Ian. Legalize marijuana, 2009. Retrieved from http://blog.sanonofre.com/2009/06/ian-barry-teen-pot-essay.html The article gives some of the examples of the fact that marijuana is not harmful and also explains why medical marijuana should be legalized.

Spontaneous Generation :: essays research papers

From the time of the Ancient Romans, through the Middle Ages, and until the late nineteenth century, it was generally accepted that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter. Such "spontaneous generation" appeared to occur primarily in decaying matter. For example, a seventeenth century idea for the spontaneous generation of mice required placing sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed jar. Then, waiting for about 21 days, during which time it was said that the sweat from the underwear would penetrate the husks of wheat, changing them into mice. Although that idea may seem ridiculous today, that and other ideas like it were believed and accepted during that time, which was not too long ago. The first serious attack on the idea of spontaneous generation was made in 1668 by Francesco Redi, an Italian physician and poet. At that time, it was thought that maggots arose spontaneously in rotting meat. Redi believed that maggots developed from eggs laid by flies after observing that they had different developmental stages.. To test his hypothesis, he set out meat in a variety of flasks, some open to the air, some sealed completely, and others covered with gauze. As he had expected, maggots appeared only in the open flasks in which the flies could reach the meat and lay their eggs. This was one of the first examples of an experiment in which controls are used. In spite of his well-executed experiment, the belief in spontaneous generation remained strong, and even Redi continued to believe it occurred under some circumstances. The invention of the microscope encouraged this silly belief. Microscopes revealed a whole new world of organisms that appeared to arise spontaneously. It was quickly learned that to create "animalcules," as the organisms were called, you needed only to place hay in water and wait a few days before examining your new creations under the microscope. The debate over spontaneous generation continued for centuries. In 1745, John Needham, an English clergyman, proposed what he considered the definitive experiment. Everyone knew that boiling killed microorganisms, so he proposed to test whether or not microorganisms appeared spontaneously after boiling. He boiled chicken broth, put it into a flask, sealed it, and waited - sure enough, microorganisms grew. Needham claimed victory for spontaneous generation. An Italian priest, Lazzaro Spallanzani, was not convinced, and he suggested that perhaps the microorganisms had entered the broth from the air after the broth was boiled, but before it was sealed.

Cultural Heritage Tourism

Tourism is one of the principal economic activities in the world and ‘Cultural Tourism’ is a rapidly expanding part of this industry. According to the OEA â€Å"Culture contributes considerably to the countries economies†, therefore many economies in different countries have been using this as a mechanism to increase their economies. Within the general tourism industry, many countries are seeing the benefits of using â€Å"Cultural Tourism† as a key area of attraction.They achieve this by developing historical sites and activities that have formed part of their heritage. This can include buildings, communities, people, and notable traditions. The promotion of Cultural tourism is a way of retaining the economic characteristics of the heritage sites. It is also seen as an important factor for the development of the national and regional economies by generating social development in all its aspects (ICOMOS 12th General Assembly, 1999).As well as being used to as a mechanism to develop regional economies by attracting tourists to heritage sites and the surrounding areas, Cultural Tourism is forms an important part of a countries national tourism economy. Its aim is to attract those tourists who have a deep inner necessity to get to know new places with history, by enabling them to feel part of the place they are visiting. The cultural heritage tourist wants to connect himself or herself with history and experience how the world developed in the particular area they are visiting (Cultural heritage tourism Guide, 2000).Since cultural heritage tourism caught the eye of the economists a decade ago, there have been many economic studies developed to measure the impact that this activity has in the regions where the heritage tourism is practiced (Toselli, C. , 2006). Part of the reason for this is because the tourist who is engaged in historic and cultural tourist activities spends more time and money in the area visited, engaging in more activ ities than other kinds of tourist would (Travel Industry Association of America citation by Hargrove, M. , 2002), making this kind of tourism a profitable activity for the regions, communities and historical places.As a result of these studies it can be assumes that with a greater concentration of cultural heritage tourism there would be the benefit of an increment of profitability for the cultural and tourism industry creating employment in the heritage communities, cities and countries. Within this study I will be concentrating my work on the â€Å"International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos. † This is a prime example of various cultural activities in areas that are rich in culture.The location of this festival is in the Jesuit Mission region in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. This region has 6 towns in which the six world’s famous Jesuit churches were built and which were designated World heritage sites by the UNESCO in 1990 (UNESCO, 2006). The festival was founded in 1996 and it is celebrated every other year in the towns of the Jesuit region (APAC , 2005). The festival is unique in the region because of the baroque American music that they offer to the tourist. This is part of a unique selection of original musical partitures from decades ago (see Appendix figure 1).The venue for the performing of the music concerts are the 6 historical churches which were built between 1669 and 1760 which still maintain the glory from the past (La Gran Chiquitania, 2006). Aim The aim of this research is to review and analyze the future marketing strategy, which APAC is developing for the International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos† in order to promote the festival internationally. In particular, the intention is to assess how this relates to the way in which the success in marketing of previous festivals has been perceived by the hoteliers and T our operators.The purpose of this is to identify areas of concern to be addressed and to recommend ways in which the present marketing strategy can be optimized in order to increase the economic growth of the festival and the heritage sites. Objectives †¢ Identify the type of tourist cultural heritage festivals attract and analyze their expectations. †¢ Identify and analyze the logistic work that the festival has and how it could be improved. †¢ Review the logistics of the Tour Operators and hoteliers; their capability to cater for tourist expectations, addressing ways those shortfalls can be eliminated or reduced.†¢ Determine the marketing strategy that the festival should use to attract tourist by identifying tourist demand segmentation of it. Literature Review With an increasing number of countries and regions seeking to capitalize on their heritage as a way of attracting growth in tourism and the economic benefit that this brings, it is important for the oper ators of historical sites and festivals to have a complete understanding of the consumer, the product they are offering and the ways that product should be marketed. The consumer in this instance is not an average holidaymaker.There is a specific historical purpose to both the design and purpose of their holiday. This has been best described by Robert Stebbins (1996), when he observed that â€Å"Cultural tourism is a genre of special interest tourism based on the search for and participation in new and deep cultural experiences, whether aesthetic, intellectual, emotional, or psychological†(Robert Stebbins 1996). Today an increasing number of tourists are moving away from the concept of pre-packaged sun and leisure breaks. It is estimated that around twenty percent or tourists now put the arts, culture and history among their top five reasons from traveling.In America alone, cultural tourism rose by 13% between 1996 and 2003, (TIA 2003). As Garrion Keillor (1995) commented, â €Å"They come for our culture: high culture, low culture, middle culture, right, left, real or imagined — they come here to see America. † As a result of this increase in demand, partially fueled by the advent of Internet access and the increase in accessibility to global travel brought about by reductions in travel costs, more and more countries are converting their historical sites and festivals into tourist centers.With more competition comes the need for effective marketing. In terms of the travel industry this is defined as â€Å"The process of identifying and reaching specific segments of a population for the purposes of selling them a product or service. † (Home Travel Agency 2006) There has been a number of studies regarding the marketing of Cultural Heritage in general and of more relevance to this paper, the marketing of historical music festivals and their destinations in particular.The marketing of Cultural Heritage sites is a subject that has to be dealt with in a sensitive manner, as many writers have acknowledged. Rowan Yorke and Uzi Baram (2004) have compiled a number of studies relating to popular cultural sites worldwide, which deal with the interrelationship that exists between the commercial and political aspect of historical sites, including balancing the importance of archaeology against profit. However, careful marketing can, if properly constructed and programmed, successfully promote the site.It is vitally important when designing a marketing program to advance the qualities and attractions of the site in a way that will bring it to the forefront of the travelers mind, making it more relevant and notable to them than sites of a similar nature. To achieve this, one must use the particular qualities of its historical value to target the appropriate market. This is particularly relevant in terms of the festival subject being studied within this paper. Most researchers feel that Festivals take on a special significance .In her book on the subject of cultural destination, Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (1998) says, â€Å"Festivals are cultural performances par excellence. Their boundaries discernible in time and space† There are numerous musical and other festivals being held throughout the world, from the historical to the modern day; from popular to classic; from era to religious based. With such intensity of competition, the importance of marketing festivals nationally and internationally becomes paramount.In the case of the â€Å"International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos. † Marketing would need to be aware of two levels, marketing of the destination and marketing of the festival itself. Nigel Morgan et al (2001) suggest that destination branding gives marketers the ability to address one of the most important aspect of the special event, namely how appropriate is the destination itself. As we have seen festivals that are correctly p ortrayed which means dealing with the political, cultural and social side successfully can bring economic benefits.To successfully market a musical festival one has to first evaluate what genre the music fits into together with its historical and geographical position, then look to the target audience, in order to give an organized structure to the marketing program. (Johnny Allen (2001) As a result of this review it can be seen that we need to look at the type of cultural tourist, their musical tastes together with the historical and religious background, musically and destination based, of the festival itself. References Allen, Johnny (2005) Festival and Special Event Management. John Wiley & Sons Douglas, Norman (2001). Special Interest Tourism.John Wiley & Sons (Australia) Ltd. Factsheet. (2005) Welcome to APAC Festivals. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http://www. festivalesapac. com/site/index. php? module=ContentExpress&file=index&func=display&ceid=27&newlang=eng Fleming, Ronald Lee. (1989). If walls could talk: Telling the story of a historic building to create a market edge. National Trust for Historic Preservation Home Travel Agency (2006) Define marketing. Retrieved 15 July 2006 from http://www. hometravelagency. com/dictionary/marketing. html Keillor, Garrison. (1995) Address to White House Conference on Travel and Tourism. Retrieved from http://www. nasaa-arts.org/artworks/cultour. shtml#travmar Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage. University of California Press Morgan, Nigel. Pritchard, Annette. And Pride Rogers. (2001) Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition. Butterworth-Heinemann Rowan, Yorke and Baram, Uzi eds. (2004) Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the consumption of the past. AltaMira Press Stebbins, Robert. (1996). Cultural Tourism as Serious Leisure. Annals of Tourism Research. Vol. 23, October, p. 948-950. The Charter Ethos. (1999) Managing tourism at places of heritage significance.International Tourism Charter 12th General Assembly. Travel Industry Association of America Travelscope survey (2003). TheHistoric/Cultural Traveler, 2003 edition. TIA and Smithsonian Magazine Unesco. (2006) World Heritage List. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http://www. thesalmons. org/lynn/world. heritage. html Appendix Figure 1 Part of an original 17th century paper sheet of music used in the Missions of Chiquitos. The work by Domenico Zipoli from Prato, close to Florence is part of an extensive collection preserved by Bolivian specialists. This fragment is from Ave Maria Stella a Vespers hymn sung on Feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Duties and Responsibilities in Ones Work Role Essay

1. Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role As a practitioner, we are obliged to adapt to different sittings for children and young people. Every setting will offer certain benefits and sometimes drawbacks. When working with children and young people, we need to respect the duties and responsibilities of our own work role, The effective practice as a team member will depend on communicating with co workers and heads. One must respect confidentiality of every child and the parents too. You must always put the parents first as the primary care giver of the child. Information concerning a child/children should never be shared or given out to anyone who may ask. Data protection must be respected. Physical punishment must never be implemented upon a child. They are many ways to show that the child’s needs to be corrected. You could use the â€Å"Time Out† system. This is a discipline technique that involves placing children in a boring place for several minutes. There the child will realise that he/she has misbehaved. Time out really means time out from any attention. There could sometimes be cases where the child/children come from different countries hence their different beliefs. We must respect all different beliefs and be careful when working with the kids during activities. One example could be, don’t mention â€Å"pigs† if doing a farm animal activity when a Muslin child is present in class. It could cause problems and upset the specific child/children. This is why, as a practitioner, we must so our homework and make sure cases like this will not arise. This is respecting their customs. All children should be treated equally and never have â€Å"favourites†. When staff meetings take place we must always respect anyone’s contribution and also to other people (outsiders) like social workers, speech therapists, physiologists etc. These people may be very important in the help of any child/children that might have a disability or certain needs. Whenever a child may act in a different way and maybe trying to attract attention, this should not be discarded. It may be that a certain child is abused at home and is reaching out for help. The best thing one should do is to speak to your superior and then to Setha, the abuse centre in Malta, to seek advise as how to go about handling the given situation. All the above mentioned are vital elements to relay duties and responsibilities of our own work role. Once these vital elements are put into practice, we should create a happy, safe environment for the children concerned.

The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. The WritePass Journal

The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. Introduction The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. IntroductionStudies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering.Studies based on Theories of Altruism and Selflessness and categorising the volunteers’ Motivation into FactorsStudies on Special Sport EventsConclusionRelated Introduction Studies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering. Studies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering has gained   more ground than ever before in recent years, due to the big Sports Events becoming more important than previously. Because of the   development of the Society, the demand of Volunteers is needed. There is a wider literature on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering. One of the most significant researches that have been done on Volunteers is the National Survey of Volunteering (Smith, 1997), which examined how volunteers are recruited and the benefits of volunteering. The most important results were that the primary motivations for volunteering were based on altruistic and self- interested  reasons. Smith had found that 48% of the respondents had offered to help, following 47% who had been asked to help by someone. An additional 45% had volunteered because of the needs and interests of their family and friends, and 42% because of thier own needs and interests.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The most important benefits volunteers had taken   from their voluntary work were the enjoyment they experienced , the satisfaction of seeing result, meeting new people, making   friends and a sense of personal achievement†. (Smith, 1997,   p.61-62)   Manchester Metropolitan University (2008) similarly had conducted a  Study on Volunteers of the Commonwealth Games to draw-up a profile of volunteers and their pre-Games motivations and expectations on a sample of 698 volunteers. The most important motivation for volunteering found by the study was the volunteers were motivated by being a part of a team and supporting their city, in this case Manchester, and their nation, as well as taking advantage of a unique opportunity.   When the participants of the study were asked if one of their reasons for volunteering in the Commonwealth Games was because it is an exciting experience almost all had agreed that this was one of their main reasons for volunteering, as was the fact that the opportunity itself was a chance of a lifetime and it also provided satisfaction when they helped others. The results on the experience of volunteering were that  the whole experience proved to be a unique experience for them and their expectations were far exceeded. The volunteers of the Commonwealth Games had said that they thought that the Games were successful, and they were proud that they were a part of this Event ( Ralston et al., 2008). G. Pauline and J. S. Pauline (2009) investigated the demographic profile of volunteers and their motivation for getting involved in a professional tennis event. Their results were that the Volunteers’  profile were similar to those of tennis participation population and were similar to other games’ volunteers .Volunteers were motivated by material and purposive factors.   In more detail, the authors found that the Volunteers in their research were influenced in volunteering because they were familiar with the game of tennis. The most common response the authors found regarding the Volunteers’ motivations was that they volunteered because â€Å"It is fun to volunteer for this event†(Pauline and Pauline, 2009: 178). And the least important motivation mentioned was that of the volunteer’s employer or school rewarding them with extra credits or bonuses for volunteering. Volunteers were also motivated in helping the event to be successful and serving their community (Pauline and Pauline, 2009) Studies based on Theories of Altruism and Selflessness and categorising the volunteers’ Motivation into Factors Volunteer motivation uses theories of altruism and selflessness (Phillips, 1982; Rehberg, 2005). The most important and common motivation in many studies has been found to be that volunteers aims are ‘to help where is needed’. Many volunteer researches have found different motivations including those of altruism, social contact, personal interests, and emotional needs to name a few (Yeung, 2004).   Mallias and Papadimitriou (2002) conducted a research on the volunteers volunteering in the  2004 Athens Olympic Games, and examined volunteers’ motivations, based on theories of altruism and selflessness. The data analysis was conducted with a 28 item one-dimensional scale named: the Motivation Volunteer Scale (MVS) and categorised the factors into four groups: Purposive, Solidary, External Traditions and Commitments. Their conclusions were that  the most important motivations of volunteers were Purposive followed by Solidary. Other researches, such as that of Ko kolakakis (1999) on volunteers in the United Kingdom, found that the volunteers tend to volunteer for their own good and own intrinsic satisfaction. Similarly, Shibli, et al. (1999) found that the basic reason for volunteering was not altruistic but rather meeting what volunteers wanted. The literature on Volunteering gives us a complex system of factors that differ from organizations’ or events’ characteristics. A research by Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen (1991) investigated 27 studies on motivation of volunteers and collected data from 258 volunteers and 104 non-volunteers, and after the data was analysed using a 22 item unidimensional scale named the Motivation Volunteer Scale (MVS), had found that motivations were altruistic and egoistic, showing that volunteers not only wanted   to help the organization, but also wanted to be   reward from their volunteering. (Cnaan Goldberg-Glen, 1991). Bang and Ross (2009) investigated the impact of volunteers’ motivations and satisfaction using Bang and Chelladurai’s (2003) Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events (VMS-ISE). Data were collected from 254 volunteers which volunteered for the 2004 Twin Cities Marathon. The results were   that volunteer motivations could be divided into seven factors: Expression of Values, Community Involvement, Interpersonal Contacts, Career Orientation, Personal Growth, Extrinsic Rewards and Love of Sport   The factors that showed the volunteers’ satisfaction were: Expression of Values, Career Orientation, and Love of Sport  ( Bang and Ross ,2009: 68). Further studies, included that of Wang (2009) which was conducted on volunteers of the 10th National Sport Meeting in 2005 and the 10th National Sport Games in 2005, using both questionnaires and interviews of 350 volunteers who took part. In this study the current state of the participation motivations of the volunteers for large-scale sports events in China were researched. The analysis was done on the factors that motivated volunteers participating in volunteer services and those who dropped-out, and the status of motivations of volunteers who get involved in the voluntary service of large sports events. The results of this study, showed that the motivations of volunteering in voluntary services of sports events can be divided into five factors: Purpose factors, Interpersonal factors, Social Impact factors, Personal factors and the Family Traditional factors. Clary et al. (1998) based on their results proposed six groups of factors   of   volunteer motivations which they categorised as: Opportunities   expressing one’s values relating to altruistic and humanitarian concerns for others; Opportunities for new learning experiences, and to exercise one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities (Understanding);   Opportunities to be with one’s friends or to engage in an activity viewed favourably by important others (Social); Experiences that may be obtained from participation in volunteer work (Career); Reduced guilt over being more fortunate than others and addressing one’s own personal problems (Protective); and The ego’s growth and development (Enhancement).   Hardin et al. (2007) also researched volunteer motivations by grouping those motivations into different factors. These were grouped into four factors which explained how volunteers characterise their incentives of volunteering: Purposive , Self-i nterest,External and Escapism. Grammatikopoulos et al. (2006) used the SEVMS in a study of Greek volunteers, with the purpose of trying to explain the motivation of volunteers by the four factors that Twyncam et al. (2002/2003) have used in their study of the Star Choice World Junior Curling Tournament. The four factors were: solidary, purposive, commitment, and external traditions. Other research on motivations of volunteers grouped into factors is that of Bang and Chelladurai (2003) in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, who found   six factors using the Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events (VMS-ISE). The Factors were: Expression of Values, Patriotism, Interpersonal Contacts,   Personal Growth, Career Orientation, and Extrinsic Rewards. Studies on Special Sport Events Clary et al. (1998) try to help us understand more about the nature of volunteering, however,   they fail to explain the differences between the importance of volunteering in Sports Events and   in volunteering in Special Sport Events. Based on the literature scoping of previous research, it has become evident that there is a lack on research on the motivations of the volunteers of Special Sport Events. This has proven a limitation of the research area, as the Special Sport Events have much more prestige due to the social message they give, and therefore differences between the motivations of the volunteers are to be expected (Farrell et al., 1998). Farrell et al. (1998) studied the volunteers motivations and satisfaction at the 1998 Canadian Women’s Curling Championship by using Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen’s (1991) Motivational Volunteer Scale. The   result of this  Ã‚   study made   a new   28 item scale called the Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale (SEVMS) based on the MVS (Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen,1991). The SEVMS divided motivation of volunteers   into four categories; purposive, solidary, external traditions, and commitments.The most important factor the results showed were the purposive factors whilst the least important factors were the external traditions which gave more emphasis to   extrinsic motivations, and the commitments dimension which gave more emphasis   on the expectations of others for vollunteering. Similarly, three other studies (Grammatikopouloset al., 2006; Twynam et al., 2002/2003; Williams et al.,1995) used the SEVMS at special events. One of the studies was on the World Cup downhill skiing event by Williams et al. (1995), which suggested that   the most important volunteer motivations were to support the national team, improve and empower the community spirit and the community image. Conclusion Based on the above findings the wider literature is based upon the profile, the motivations, the expectation of volunteers and the benefits of volunteering. Many studies have also found that motivations of volunteers are based on altruism, selflessness and the self determination theories (SD) (Deci Ryan, 1985b; Ryan Deci, 2000). The majority of the volunteer researchers have grouped the volunteer motivations into factors, with the most popular factors being: the purposive and the solidary. The volunteer motivations of Special Sport Events have been found to be limited, with the researches conducted being less than those in Sport Events and more complicated than those in Sport Events .

The Character of Zanni in Commedia dellArte Essay Example

The Character of Zanni in Commedia dellArte Essay Example The Character of Zanni in Commedia dellArte Paper The Character of Zanni in Commedia dellArte Paper that belongs to someone else. Zanni stands with an arched back, with his knees bent and apart and his feet spread out. The support knee is bent with the other leg extended, toe pointed. The character changes feet repeatedly while talking or listening within the same position and without its head bobbing up and down. The elbows are bent and the arms half-lifted. There are six types of Zanni walk: 1) little Zanni walk: this is a development of the basic stance, foot changing but taking a small step forward on each shift, 2) Big Zanni walk: a curved lumbar is first achieved by sticking chest forward and the backside up, 3) Zanni running: a swift movement with legs kicked alternately to the front with pointed toes, 4) Zanni jubilant: a skipping movement on the toes with the centre of gravity going from side-to-side, 5) Vain Zanni: steps are a smaller version of the big walk, with hands resting on belt, 6) Solider Zanni: hold a stick cupped in one hand and inclined over shoulder like a rifle. Zanni’s movements are dynamic and exaggerated. Their gestures/actions are always urgent. They appear nervous; talk a lot and their head moves constantly. The nose defines the rhythm of his body since it is the center of his actions. The hands are very expressive and constantly used to illustrate what he is saying. While delivering their dialogues, they speak open-mouthed and loud. Bibliography: * Commedia Stock Characters Zanni. Â  Shane Arts Home Page. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Aug. 2013. http://shane-arts. com/Commedia-Zanni. htm

Assignment # 7 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

# 7 - Assignment Example b) The amount of profit generated by the company per dollar of sales: Net profit margin. It is profitability ratio. A company should have higher value for the ratio because it indicates high profitability. c) This ratio gives a measure of the number of days it takes a company to collect on sales that it sells on credit: Days sales outstanding. Efficiency/Asset Utilization ratio. A lower value for the ratio is favourable as a company collects cash faster from customers, it has good collection procedures. d) This ratio is used to determine how easily a company can pay interest expenses on outstanding debt: Times interest earned. It is a leverage ratio. A higher value for the ratio is favourable; the company has more cover for finance costs hence low business risk. e) This ratio specifies the number of days it takes for the company’s inventory to be converted to sales, either as cash or accounts receivable: Days in inventory. Efficiency/Asset Utilization ratio. A lower value for the ratio is more favourable as the company is converting its inventories into cash faster; hence the inventory is more liquid. f) This ratio indicates how profitable a company is over on accounting period (typically 12 months) without regard to how it is financed: Return on assets. Profitability ratio. A higher value for the ratio is required because it indicates that the company is more profitable. g) A ratio that further refines the liquidity by measuring the amount of the most liquid current assets there are to cover current liabilities: Acid test ratio. It is a liquidity ratio. A company should have higher value for the ratio to be able to meet its short term obligations with lots of ease. h) This ratio compares the amount of interest-bearing debt in a company’s capital structure to its total assets: Debt-to-total asset ratio (leverage ratio). A lower value for the ratio is required because it indicates less leverage and less risk. i) This ratio is a measure of

What makes a Good Leader Popular Theories of Leadership Essay

What makes a Good Leader Popular Theories of Leadership - Essay Example Terry (1994) says that competence for a managerial job is the product of both inherited and acquired qualities. Therefore the team leader has to be a good learner, so that he can capitalize on the stronger points of the team while trying to minimize the effects of weaker points. Pascale (1990) wrote that "managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing," A leader is supposed to be; Negotiator: The negotiating skills are the one's which distinctly differentiate a leader from other members. While stuck up in a tricky situation a leader uses his skills to convince the concerned people, tries to extract reasonable benefits for his team mates and negotiates a better deal from suppliers while weighing the outcomes of different alternatives. Coach: A leader has to be a good coach as well. He is supposed to impart the basic working principles amongst his team members. But he must not take this job so seriously that he starts interrupting the team members for each and every task. This results in undue interference in routine functioning of the team. Popular Theories of Leadership Many different writers and researchers have come out with differing styles and behavioral aspects of leadership and relevant theories. Theories of leadership may be classified under three headings: i. Trait theories, ii. Style theories, iii. Contingency theories. Trait Theories The trait theory values some traits or qualities of a leader. This theory is based on the assumption that the person is more important than the situation. It received some endorsement when it appeared that leaders such as Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin appeared to possess a mystical charm which captivated their followers. Trait theory assumers that A leader's intelligence should be above average and he or she should possess the ability to deal with complex problems. The leader should have the ability and initiative to see and deal with complex problems. Leaders are usually very self-confident and competent at their job. Leaders should have the ability to see problems in the wider context. This is known as the 'helicopter factor'. Trait theory has since attracted considerable criticism, as it places the individual's traits before the theories of management. But over the years history is replete with examples which indicate that such a theory has indeed worked wonders for the oraganisation or the country. Style Theories Style theories are based on the assumption that employees will work harder for managers who adopt certain styles of leadership. The following four styles were identified by Huneryager and Heckman in 1967: The dictatorial style: The manager tells his or her subordinates what to do, with the implied threat that they will be punished if they do not obey orders. This style is not widely used in industry and commerce. The autocratic style: Decision making is controlled by the leader, and participation by subordinates is not encouraged. Such a leader takes autocratic decisions based on his understanding of the situation. The democratic style: Such a leader believes in adopting an approach in which the subordinates are also consulted while taking some key decisions. Decision making is shared by the subordinates as well. For this to be really effective, the subordinates must be prepared to participate. The laissez faire style: Such an approach is said to be 'take it

Sustainable Tourism Solutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Tourism Solutions - Assignment Example They should contribute positively to intercultural tolerance and understanding and also take part in the community based organizations aimed at conserving the environment (Edgell, 2006). Traditional tourism based on the carrying capacity led to the damaging of the economy, culture and the environment of the tourist's destinations. Through this approach, the local people experienced negative effects on their local economy, their cultures were diluted and their environment was severely damaged. Traditional tourism could in most cases result to both social and economic costs to the locals. The traditional tourism exerted a lot pressure on the natural environment and resources. The disposal of solid and liquid waste arising from the tourism is a major problem to most of the developing countries; due to lack of capacity to treat such wastes (United Nations, 2001). The disposal of such wastes in their untreated form contributes significantly to the reduction of natural resources such as the fresh water. The solid and liquid waste from the tourism industry also contaminated the marine environment thereby destroying the marine ecosystem (Miller, & Louise, 2006). The traditional tourism approach lacked a very important element which made it no to be sustainable and was doomed to break at one point or another. It failed to include all the stakeholders in its management. The management of tourism under this approach was mainly the duty of the government with the rest of the stakeholder playing virtually no role. The local communities therefore perceived tourism as an activity that was in no way aimed at benefiting them. The government on the other hand could not give back to the tourism industry from the revenues it had collected and thus there were no funds which were destined to conserve the environment which had been affected by tourism activities (Weaver, 2006). By blocking relevant stakeholders from all levels of tourism planning implementation and development blocked major contributions for addressing several concerns brought about by tourism. For tourism to be successful it is very important to bring all the stakeholders on board an element that was clearly lacking in the traditional carrying capacity approach. This has led to the development of new approaches so as to address the challenges brought about by traditional tourism practices (Swarbrooke, 1999). Modern approaches to tourism Environmental management based tourism development is one of the new approaches; it is favoured because it appreciates the fact that tourism plays a leading role in the economic development at the community, regional, national and international levels. It achieves this by utilizing natural environments and resources as its main physical inputs. While making use of these natural environments and resources it is very important to reduce negative impacts to the environment as much as possible so as to be certain that their availability in the future is assured. By conserving the natural environme

The Target Market of Trace Restaurant at W Hotel San Francisco Research Paper

The Target Market of Trace Restaurant at W Hotel San Francisco - Research Paper Example The fact that the menus depend on the local season is a sign of ensuring, visitors get to understand the local food pattern alongside the culture and environment. The restaurant has a wide variety of sea foods and meats. This is to carter for needs of the different tourists’ background. This is the reason the place is frequented by people on business travel, tourists, travelling sports people/ enthusiasts and fresh residents who want to get a feel of San Francisco as they settle. The pricing is steep and intended to lure the upper middle class and the high income earners. Apparently, these are the people who can afford to tour the world and stand the seemingly exuberant prices. An average drink costs from a minimum of $5.5 and that would be plain coffee! A simple meal goes for a minimum of $16 a plate. An example would be Fried Quail, few spoons of hazelnut and minor accessories such as olive leaves. Otherwise, an average meal would stand at $30 and higher per person. This is a deterrent factor for the residents because they can manage to make more of the same in the comfort of their homes. This is maintained based on the frequency of tourists, holiday makers and other travelers who seek high quality meals for a brief period of time. The restaurant is located in the center of SoMa district, which is in the downtown area of San Francisco (Jensen and Parr 2). It is three streets accessing the markets to the northwest and the south. The east ends with the San Francisco bay, a major global tourist attraction. The panoramic city line view combines well with the picturesque views of the Bay Bridge to ensure a breathtaking environment (Michelin North America, Inc 242). This has made the area a popular venue in for the film industry screening sessions, major fashion events, glamorous music shows, museums and art exhibitions. Therefore, the stylish and luxury design of the Trace

Use of Remote Sensing for Development by the Indian Space Research Essay - 1

Use of Remote Sensing for Development by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) - Essay Example National development normally requires a comprehensive survey of the available natural resources in a country. This will help to optimize the management and sustainability of the available resources by making use of the strengths of remote sensing (Navalgund et al, 2007). India as a country has embraced remote sensing in development activities through various institutions such as the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in various fields such as agriculture, water resources management, management of forests and ecosystems, climate change and urban planning. These areas in which ISRO has employed the use of remote sensing for development activities are as discussed below. Agriculture normally supports 60 % of the total population of India and normally contributes about 2.5 % of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. Remote sensing techniques have been extensively used as a tool for improvement on crop production by providing solutions for the current problems. A joint operation between the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Agriculture resources inventory and survey experiment (ARISE) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has been used to forecast the production of crops in the country. Aerial color infrared photographs were used to estimate the acreage of crops in the district of Anantapur and in Patiala district of Punjab (Navalgund et al, 2007). In the year 1986, a project referred to as the crop acreage and production estimation was created under the umbrella of remote sensing application missions.  Ã‚  The CAPE project provided the district-level forecast of production of all the major crops in India includin g Wheat, rice, sorghum, cotton, and groundnuts. The acreage of land under each crop was estimated using satellite imagery obtained using remote sensing techniques.

Idealized versus Real Identity in Carson's Audubon Essay - 2

Idealized versus Real Identity in Carson's Audubon - Essay Example For Carson,   James Audubon’s realist works are not authentic because they signify forced renditions of natural birds. She presents a unique notion of the difference between substance and form in human identity. In â€Å"Audubon,† Carson uses image, diction, sarcasm, and metaphor to argue that, when people are blinded with their love for physical appearance and social stratification, they cannot perceive the difference between human form and substance and see the truth about their identities.The poem employs images of inauthentic portrayals of birds to depict the disparity between people’s perception and the reality of their identity. The images of the birds cannot be trusted as truthful because they are dead, in the same way, that perceptions of humanity tend to be false because people base them on idealistic, but inaccurate, views of themselves. Carson puts open and close quotation marks on the phrase â€Å"drawn from nature† (2) because Audubon did no t paint them as they are. Audubon paints them, not as they are, but as how he wants them to be. Carson accentuates that â€Å"†¦[Audubon] hated the unvarying shapes/of traditional taxidermy† (5-6). She suggests that he is not satisfied with the roughness of actual animal nature. He prepares them to be more palatable to his tastes and audience. But to change nature indicates deception. Some people also enjoy deceiving others with appearances. They will enhance or hide their natural features, in order for them to be acceptable in their society. Furthermore, a number of people take pains in being who they are not. Carson emphasizes how Audubon changes what a bird must be, according to how he wants them to be seen.   She describes the â€Å"flexible armatures of bent wire and wood/ on which he arranged bird skin and feathers† (7-8).   Nothing is natural in his paintings because the actions of the birds and their appearances are contrived.

Modern japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern japan - Essay Example One of the greatest contributions of translation was based on the fact that it ensured that Japan ended up having a large number of technicians and skilled workers who were instrumental in ensuring that the country was industrialised. These individuals were highly educated in their skills through the translated works of European and North American industry and it is these works that were taught at the local institutions of education; making it possible for Japanese workers to gain the skills necessary for them to carry out the activities that brought about industrialisation. Furthermore, the leaders of the country, many of whom were the drivers of industrialisation, were former students at the Tokyo Imperial University, among whose specialty was the translation of western works and adapting them to Japanese. It was through the effort to translate Western works that Japan was able to develop a modern system of education that was necessary in the overall modernisation of the country. This new form of education encouraged virtues among students that ensured that there were less divisions within society based on class. It is through the use of translated works that the people of Japan, who had essentially gone through the same system of education, irrespective of social status or background, shared common ideas as well as creating an environment that was conducive enough for nationalism to develop.1 Under these circumstances, the society came to encounter less friction based on class and instead there was a renewed focus on how to achieve greater national success. Therefore, the country was able to leave behind the petty clan feuds that had plagued it for centuries and to develop itself into a modern, self-sufficient state. In a bid to ensure that it was able to modernise itself and develop into an industrial power, Japan sent some of its students

Idealized versus Real Identity in Carson's Audubon Essay - 2

Idealized versus Real Identity in Carson's Audubon - Essay Example For Carson,   James Audubon’s realist works are not authentic because they signify forced renditions of natural birds. She presents a unique notion of the difference between substance and form in human identity. In â€Å"Audubon,† Carson uses image, diction, sarcasm, and metaphor to argue that, when people are blinded with their love for physical appearance and social stratification, they cannot perceive the difference between human form and substance and see the truth about their identities.The poem employs images of inauthentic portrayals of birds to depict the disparity between people’s perception and the reality of their identity. The images of the birds cannot be trusted as truthful because they are dead, in the same way, that perceptions of humanity tend to be false because people base them on idealistic, but inaccurate, views of themselves. Carson puts open and close quotation marks on the phrase â€Å"drawn from nature† (2) because Audubon did no t paint them as they are. Audubon paints them, not as they are, but as how he wants them to be. Carson accentuates that â€Å"†¦[Audubon] hated the unvarying shapes/of traditional taxidermy† (5-6). She suggests that he is not satisfied with the roughness of actual animal nature. He prepares them to be more palatable to his tastes and audience. But to change nature indicates deception. Some people also enjoy deceiving others with appearances. They will enhance or hide their natural features, in order for them to be acceptable in their society. Furthermore, a number of people take pains in being who they are not. Carson emphasizes how Audubon changes what a bird must be, according to how he wants them to be seen.   She describes the â€Å"flexible armatures of bent wire and wood/ on which he arranged bird skin and feathers† (7-8).   Nothing is natural in his paintings because the actions of the birds and their appearances are contrived.

VHS is dead, long live DVD Essay Example for Free

VHS is dead, long live DVD Essay This statement can be looked at in two ways, either true or false. People that would say that this statement is false would mostly be for nostalgic reasons. I myself feel that this is true because technology is evolving minute by minute, and the future is key to technology. Although I think that its good to have new technology, it also means that more and more people will be taken advantage of. This will not just be the consumer, as prices are very high, but the poor exploited Asian communities that will be paid less than a dollar a day. Apart from this I do think that the digital versatile disc is the way forward for our viewing needs. The acronym DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. Each word is key in showing how VHS is dead and that the DVD is the future. The Disk is the future because unlike a video, it is not at all bulky and is only 120mm wide, where as a video is 187.5mm. This obviously means that the way we view films, music etc is getting smaller and also means that it will continue to decrease in size. Even though a video is larger than a disc it does not mean that it holds more memory, in fact a disc holds seven times more memory than a video, which is the main reason the DVD has taken on. The word Digital has great benefit over the VHS because videos are predominantly analogue and all DVDs are digital. This is a great advantage for the consumer because people would rather watch something digitally, than something analogue. The word Versatile is the solution to how we interact with our TV. They way it is versatile is by holding so much more information and the ease with which the consumer can range through what is on offer. The DVD has the versatility to view special feature for example commentary and deleted scenes, and it also has the versatility to select the scene you want with the easy touch of a button. The new step of the DVD is the format of DVD-RW otherwise known as recordable DVDs. This is much like VHS videos because it uses blank disks and you can record what you want onto them. The film industry is not for the DVD-RW format because a DVD has copyright on it, which makes it illegal to copy. As it stands, anyone can log onto a powerful computer and by using the right software can gain the file of codes of which a film comprises of, and by using another piece of software known as DivX can reproduce the film. All videos have one thing in common which is their downfall to DVD, it is that cassettes use a magnetic tape. Every time a tape is played it becomes worn, and the tape gets stretched ever so slightly. This wear damages the tape so much its eventually made un-useable. Also due to the size of the tape there is a smaller amount of data that a tape can hold, this is not to be confused with the length of tape, but the added features, in particular, sound. With sound the videocassette can only reproduce Nicam stereo through the lines which make up your TV screen. Nicam stereo is not true stereo but an effect which falls you into thinking its stereo. If you were to hook your TV up to a stereo system you would be able to hear that its not true stereo. Cassettes are bulky, take up more space and brake. The VHS player/recorder is also unreliable with the main part being the clutch-cam the main failure and the reasons for chewed tapes. DVDs are far more flexible with ease of use and added featured data can be stored on the disc, together with the video, text, language, sound types, and information. The most notable extra feature for the ordinary person is the sound options from Nicam to Dolby stereo to Surround Sound 5.1. 5.1 allow the makers of the DVD to produce cinema quality sound, and better with five strategically placed speakers and a base box, providing sound quality from the comfort of your own home. A big bonus for the DVD maker is one DVD for a region, you dont have to make a German, an Italian and any other number of languages as this is all on one DVD. With DVDs there are several regions due to various reasons. The two main reasons are region 1 North America and Japan (NTC) and region 2 Europe (PAL). There are other regions and they have nothing to do with the TV system used. Region 1 normally receives the DVD first due to actual release dates of the film. Region 2 is the next region for film release, which is why the format is changed from Region 1. That is you would be able to buy a Region 1 DVD before film release in Region 2, and therefore you would not visit the cinema. As the DVD is a digital format it is easier to break the region code. This can be done via hardware or software, these are known as multi-regional DVD players. You can buy multi-regional DVD players although they are not advertised, but the only way you can watch a Region 1 DVD on your TV by having a digital TV, this looks at the digital content and not the format (NTC/PAL) of the signal. Another advantage is the use of the pause/slow motion functions. They produce perfect pictures on the TV because they are a digital signal and therefore are decoded in the DVD players digit by digit. There is no tape being streched on the pause button, only a pause on the digital coding.

Developing Mathematical Abilities for Children

Developing Mathematical Abilities for Children The mathematical development foundation was established in the earliest years. Mathematics learning had built on curiosity and enthusiasm for children to grow naturally. Mathematics at this age, is suitably connected to a child’s world, is more than â€Å"getting ready† for school or accelerating them into elementary mathematics. Appropriate mathematical skills challenge young children to explore ideas related to patterns, shapes, numbers, and space with increasing complexity. The child’s cognitive development is how the concentration works and how the children learn, aim and comprehend. As children develop cognitive from pre-lingual and pre-symbolic stage to the use of language and symbols to operate concepts. The ability related to later mathematics learning are also developing. The abilities for mathematics cognitive learning are memory, language skills and the ability to male mental pictures of numbers and space. Young children begin to use their memory when co-operating with others and recall the experiences. Infants will respond to familiar faces and to music. Children begin to notice environment print and they begin to understand the role of letters and numbers as abstract symbols for familiar things. The child’s cognitive development is how the concentration works and how the children learn, aim and comprehend. As children develop cognitive from pre-lingual and pre-symbolic stage to the use of language and symbols to operate concepts. The ability related to later mathematics learning are also developing. The abilities for mathematics cognitive learning are memory, language skills and the ability to male mental pictures of numbers and space. Young children begin to use their memory when co-operating with others and recall the experiences. Infants will respond to familiar faces and to music. Children begin to notice environment print and they begin to understand the role of letters and numbers as abstract symbols for familiar things. Pattern making it is significant as it enables children to identify simple repeated ideas. It is a good basis for finding patterns in numbers later on. Sorting will help children’s understanding of numbers, they should have opportunities to sort as many different materials as possible and in many different ways as they can. Counting and ordering children will need to be come familiar with the number system, they will need to do this through counting and ordering numbers and group of numbers with the same criteria. Recording they will start to record numbers and patterns. They have found out in simple ways, through pictures and simple charts and tallies. When I was observing children there was a child that knew the numbers and knew how to make 3 colours the same. This child is very intelligent, last day we were playing with blocks and I told him to tell me how many reds there are and he told me that there are 10 in all. Then I told him to put 4 block together that are the same colour and he did them without any help. In maths the boy is at a higher level, he knows how to count and to join 4 blocks together I was playing with a boy and we were saying numbers and I told him to count the clothes that there are suspended and he started to count but he didn’t knew the numbers well. He begin to count but he forgot what numbers comes after 1 and he had some problem to remember them so I tried to help him by saying him the beginning of the numbers but he couldnt remember the number that comes after 1. This child needs help in numbers, he need someone to teach him the numbers at home. I think that their parents are not helping him and teaching him the numbers. His level is low and he needs to improve more. The children built their confidence when they have someone who understands them and who play with them. They be confident with people that they have attachment with. When children know things like numbers they feel more confident of saying them. If they are confident their self- esteem will be more high. For children to be fruitful in working with others, and in explanation their own sympathies, they must develop the mathematical language vital to help them express what they believe. Conversation amongst themselves and with a teacher, offers children with chances for social message, and for shared understandings to be exchanging and developed. To do this children need to have self-assurance and don’t be shy of saying the answers or asking a question. If they don’t understand they can’t learn maths well so they need to be confident and ask. Yesterday I was doing an activity with 2 children that are the same age. They are different from each other because one is very confident and likes to do the activities and she is very motivated of doing them. Her self esteem is very high and she is very confident. The other child is very shy and he don’t like to interact with others. He don’t like to do activities because he knows that Im going to ask him questions for example which color he like most so he need to built some confidence with himself and with others because his self-esteem is very low. He need to communicate more with others even at home his parents need to interact more with him. As with all others areas of learning one will need to build children’s confidence when working on mathematical ideas. From an early age , children should be presented with positive and fun methods of working with mathematical tasks in ways that engage all learners. Adults should take care to ensure that tasks are introduced in a way that stimulates children so that they do think of mathematics as difficult. Occasionally concepts may be difficult to grasp, and children will find new ideas challenging. They should be given plenty of opportunities to use games, investigations and other forms of mathematics, which will develop their skills while also encouraging them to be independent. Last day we were playing, and in the class we have a number line. I was playing with Christian and I asked him to count the numbers. He was very shy at the beginning because he don’t believe in himself and he don’t have confidence with others. Then I helped him by praising him and told him that he is able to count them and I knew that he know them so he began to count them. He needed some support and courage to built confidence and to feel comfortable talking to me. Im going to talk about the theories that are involved in mathematical development. I’m going to talk about Piaget and his conservation of numbers according to his constructivist theory. Constructivism, first developed by Piaget, views learning of mathematics as the building of meaning and understanding based on the modeling of reality, the examination of pattern, and the gaining of a mathematical nature. Though I have chosen conservation in mathematics as the test case the account Piaget provided is expected to apply more usually to his entire composition, and I believe is further genuine by changes in his thought he also draw upon other examples to make his case. He make no effort to define the different stages of Piagetian development but make position to them when necessary; that wasnt his focus. More, he use Skinner as the exemplar of behaviorism even though there are other varieties. The reasons for doing so rest with his supremacy among instructors of all punishments and the potential benefits to justifying the wide-spread mistake of his work, too. Language and hearing processing shortfalls affect ability to learn language and math concepts and solve problems. Students may have amenable or communicative language problems that can considerably affect their learning and ability to express what they do not comprehend or show how they solved problems. They can help them by teaching them those things: Partner with Teachers to Manage Language and Auditory Processing Deficits. Use Hands-on Materials to Improve Your Childs Math Comprehension Re-Write Word Problems to Enhance Auditory Comprehension Provide Step-by-Step Models of Problem Solving We were doing an activity about maths and I was explaining them sum and what they need to do some of the children couldnt understand the concept of the sum so I needed to explain it again and more in detail. If I didn’t explained it again and more in detailed they wouldnt understand and learn the sum. When I was doing the activity some of the children didn’t understood the vocabulary because was a little bit hard for them so I asked them where they didn’t understood and I explained it better.

Latar Belakang :: Foreign Language Essays

Latar Belakang Kasus pembobolan Bank BNI menjadi isu yang mengejutkan masyarakat Indonesia di akhir tahun 2003, dimana Bank BNI mengalami kerugian sebesar Rp 1,7 triliun yang diduga terjadi karena adanya transaksi ekspor fiktif melalui surat Letter of Credit (disingkat L/C). Kasus ini menjadi fenomenal karena selain merugikan keuangan Bank BNI tetapi juga berimbas pada keuangan negara secara makro. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Profil Singkat Bank BNI Bank BNI didirikan pada tahun 1946. Perusahaan publik ini mayoritas sahamnya dimiliki oleh Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Bank BNI merupakan bank terbesar nomor 3 di Indonesia setelah Bank Mandiri dan BCA dengan total aset pada tahun 2003 sebesar IDR. 131,49 triliun. Visi Menjadi Bank kebanggaan nasional yang unggul dalam layanan dan kinerja Misi Memaksimalkan stakeholder value dengan menyediakan solusi keuangan yang fokus pada segmen pasar korporasi, komersial dan konsumer Budaya Perusahaan 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BNI adalah bank umum berstatus perusahaan publik. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BNI berorientasi kepada pasar dan pembangunan nasional. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BNI secara terus menerus membina hubungan yang saling menguntungkan dengan nasabah dan mitra usaha. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BNI mengakui peranan dan menghargai kepentingan pegawai. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BNI mengupayakan terciptanya semangat kebersamaan agar pegawai melaksanakan tugas dan kewajiban secara profesional. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ringkasan Kasus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Awal terbongkarnya kasus menghebohkan ini tatkala BNI melakukan audit internal pada bulan Agustus 2003. Dari audit itu diketahui bahwa ada posisi euro yang gila-gilaan besarnya, senilai 52 juta euro. Pergerakan posisi euro dalam jumlah besar mencurigakan karena peredaran euro di Indonesia terbatas dan kinerja euro yang sedang baik pada saat itu. Dari audit akhirnya diketahui ada pembukaan L/C yang amat besar dan negara bakal rugi lebih satu triliun rupiah. Penjelasan mengenai L/C fiktif BNI tersebut adalah sebagai berikut : -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waktu kejadian : Juli 2002 s/d Agustus 2003 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opening Bank : Rosbank Switzerland, Dubai Bank Kenya Ltd, The Wall Street Banking Corp, dan Middle East Bank Kenya Ltd. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total Nilai L/C : USD.166,79 juta & EUR 56,77 juta atau sekitar Rp. 1,7 trilyun -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beneficiary/Penerima L/C : 11 perusahaan dibawah Gramarindo Group dan 2 perusahaan dibawah Petindo Group -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barang Ekspor : Pasir Kuarsa dan Minyak Residu -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tujuan Ekspor : Congo dan Kenya -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skim : Usance L/C Kronologi : 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bank BNI Cabang Kebayoran Baru menerima 156 buah L/C dengan Issuing Bank : Rosbank Switzerland, Dubai Bank Kenya Ltd, The Wall Street Banking Corp, dan Middle East Bank Kenya Ltd. Oleh karena BNI belum mempunyai hubungan koresponden langsung dengan sebagian bank tersebut di atas, mereka memakai bank mediator yaitu American Express Bank dan Standard Chartered Bank. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beneficiary mengajukan permohonan diskonto wesel ekspor berjangka (kredit ekspor) atas L/C-L/C tersebut di atas kepada BNI dan disetujui oleh pihak BNI.

Ernest J. Gainess Gathering of Old Men :: Essays Papers

Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men In A Gathering of Old Men, by Ernest J. Gaines, racism plays a huge part of life in the south. When a white man is found dead; his family and friends start to gather to find the man who did this. After time these men start to drink and make a plan to kill the man; who just happened to be black. This just shows how even though the Civil was brought freedom to blacks, there is still hate towards them because of their skin color. After time the black men also start to gather at Mathu’s house (the man who murdered the white man) and they all bring twelve gauge shotguns. The sheriff arrives and asks who killed that man, and all the black men say, â€Å"it was me.† The sheriff then threatens to take them all to prison, but he cannot because he does not know who the murder is. The sheriff knowing the racism of the town; has a deputy stand on Mathus sidewalk to make sure nothing happens. As time goes by and the white men are starting to get angry the man who’s son was killed steps in and says â€Å"this cannot go on any longer.† This shows how after time color or race does not matter to people, and how after time a man is a man and a woman is a woman. This upsets the rest of the men even more because this shows them how they are not superior to the black men anymore. As time goes on the sheriff is starting to worry even more; because he knows the men have been drinking excessively. When night falls the sheriff and his men go home, praying that nothing will happen. By this time the white men are very drunk and want revenge. To the white men’s surprise when they arrive to Mathu’s house they are out numbered at least two to one. The white men realize that they are going to loose once again. When the white men start to shoot this shows how childish people are when they are not on top of the world. Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men :: Essays Papers Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men In A Gathering of Old Men, by Ernest J. Gaines, racism plays a huge part of life in the south. When a white man is found dead; his family and friends start to gather to find the man who did this. After time these men start to drink and make a plan to kill the man; who just happened to be black. This just shows how even though the Civil was brought freedom to blacks, there is still hate towards them because of their skin color. After time the black men also start to gather at Mathu’s house (the man who murdered the white man) and they all bring twelve gauge shotguns. The sheriff arrives and asks who killed that man, and all the black men say, â€Å"it was me.† The sheriff then threatens to take them all to prison, but he cannot because he does not know who the murder is. The sheriff knowing the racism of the town; has a deputy stand on Mathus sidewalk to make sure nothing happens. As time goes by and the white men are starting to get angry the man who’s son was killed steps in and says â€Å"this cannot go on any longer.† This shows how after time color or race does not matter to people, and how after time a man is a man and a woman is a woman. This upsets the rest of the men even more because this shows them how they are not superior to the black men anymore. As time goes on the sheriff is starting to worry even more; because he knows the men have been drinking excessively. When night falls the sheriff and his men go home, praying that nothing will happen. By this time the white men are very drunk and want revenge. To the white men’s surprise when they arrive to Mathu’s house they are out numbered at least two to one. The white men realize that they are going to loose once again. When the white men start to shoot this shows how childish people are when they are not on top of the world.

Reflective Statement

Introduction This project involved creating a strategic report covering all aspects of the operation of the Walt Disney Group. The report entailed drawing on a relatively broad analysis of the workings of the Walt Disney Group, with each member of the team contributing certain parts of the report, before then coming together to undertake an overall analysis. This reflective statement looks at how I personally worked within the team and any areas that I feel I could improve upon, in the future. The reflective statement will also describe the way in which I worked within the team to assist others and how we dealt with any conflicts which occurred, during the length of the project. Individual Contribution I was personally responsible for specific aspects of the actual research and for writing up the project. At the outset, we sat down with the team to allocate certain areas of work, with a view to meeting regularly to combine our findings and to ensure that the report, as a whole, read as if it were one voice. As the project involved some form of strategic analysis, I was particularly concerned that if each individual simply worked on their own section, it would not come together as a sensible whole (Forsyth, 2009). I personally felt that I took the lead, when it came to communicating amongst the team and also when ensuring that we met up regularly to discuss progress. I myself as one of the other team members took the lead in arranging these meetings. Whilst this was successful, initially, we soon found that other members of the team were not responding to the suggestion of meetings and were not sending their own work in good time, thus creating difficulties amongst the team and also making it harder for me as an individual to complete my element of the project (Boud & Walker 1993) If I were to undertake the project again, I would ensure that, from the outset, much greater emphasis was placed on setting out the full scope of each individual’s work assignment, as it quickly became apparent that each individual within the team was relying on others to undertake their part of the report. Therefore, when one individual was failing to keep pace with the rest of the team, this created a much greater problem than simply one person not â€Å"pulling their weight†. As a relatively strong individual, I would personally put myself forward as more of a co-ordinator, at the outset, to ensure that this lack of cohesion did not happen in future (Jarboe & Witteman, 1996). When we encountered difficulties at the end of the project, with one individual not being available in the few days prior to the deadline, I took on another section of the writing in order to ensure that we were then able to meet the deadline, something which put me under increased personal pressure. Based on the problems that we were having, at that point in time, it was the only reasonable solution available; however, better team management, at an earlier stage when it became apparent that some individuals were not going to make the deadline would have prevented such a high level of personal pressure and this additional workload could then have been spread more evenly. Working with Others and Resolving Conflicts As noted above, it became apparent, as the project progressed, that there were certain key individuals within the team who were becoming increasingly unresponsive to setting up meeting times and were not presenting their work when requested. This could have put the entire project in jeopardy and was exacerbated when one individual was not available at all, in the few days prior to the deadline. The fact that some of the key individuals were not responding to requests for meetings or submitting their work on-time became apparent midway through the project. Yet, action was not positively taken by myself and the other organising team members who were still responding until just a few days before the deadline (Coleman, 2011). Effectively, our approach to dealing with this matter was to ignore it and simply continue with our own activities, something which potentially jeopardised the project in its entirety. With a project of this nature, merely ignoring conflict was not an option. Furthermore, although regular negotiations were attempted by suggesting meeting times, communication between team members had already broken down. In reality, this conflict could have been resolved, at the outset, before any difficulties emerged, by setting out a team leader who was going to be responsible for keeping everybody on track and ensuring that the meetings took place as arranged. As soon as it became apparent that the timeframe for the project was not being kept, the appointed team leader could then have taken a more aggressive stance to ensure that such failings did not jeopardise the overall project. It was arguably this failure that was instrumental in creating a last-minute panic and rush. Individual Improvement for the Future Bearing all of this in mind, I feel that my own areas for improvement, in the future would be to take a much more active stance, in terms of project management, from the outset (Schon 1996). I would also ensure that all team members complied with the timeframes set out. I became personally aware that there were difficulties with communication and timeframe, at a relatively early stage, yet I largely chose to ignore this in the hope that matters would improve of their own accord. This approach led to me personally being put under considerable pressure, towards the end of the project and, as such, my own individual performance was not as good as it could have been, particularly with the last section of the project being rushed, over a period of 2 to 3 days. I therefore feel that I could have improved my own personal performance by taking a much more active role in project management. This would enable me to ensure that each individual was working within the timeframe and I was not requ ired to rush during the last few days of the project, potentially sacrificing the quality of the work. References Boud D & Walker D (1993) Barriers to Reflection on Experience. In Boud D,. Cohen R & Walker D. Using Experience for Learning. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. Coleman, P (2011). The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to Seemingly Impossible Conflicts. Public Affairs. New York, p.26 Forsyth, D. R. (2009). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Jarboe, S. C., & Witteman, H. R. (1996). Intragroup conflict management in task-oriented groups: The influence of problem sources and problem analysis. Small Group Research, 27, 316–338. Schon D. (1996). From Technical Rationality to Reflection in Action, In: Edwards, R., Hanson, A., and P Raggatt (eds) Boundaries of Adult Learning, London, Routledge.

The Need for Better Mental Health Care

IntroductionMany individuals who woke up this morning wished that they should have never done so at all. There are those who are about to go to bed praying that they will not have any more tomorrows to face. While some who are at work, sitting through their classes at school, or fixing their children’s lunches are wondering what have become of their lives and what more potential does the bleak future offer.In fact, there are those whose family and friends are mourning already, never quite understanding why an apparently healthy human being would end his own life. One common thread unites all these people and events: mental depression. This paper looks at the need for more mental health care services in order to better help people suffering from this condition and thus provide hope for them and for their families.Gravity of Mental IllnessFew individuals realize the gravity of a mental illness such as depression in another human’s life. For some, the state of being depres sed is a choice, and a person can easily â€Å"snap out of it† if only they would think positively and cut all the drama. Mental illnesses just like depression, is a medical condition, an actual disease of the mind that is not easily fixed with mere will power.People sick with flu or colds are not asked to cure themselves, hence, why should depressed individuals bear their sufferings alone and without any care? It is a relief, nonetheless, that depression is not anymore new. Millions of individuals have it and millions are also seeking the necessary treatment and medication to get on with their lives. However, recognizing and acknowledging the problem, as opposed to ignoring it, is the first step towards recovery.From the early philosophers, scholars and scientists’ perspectives, depression is a mystery caused by unknown powers in the universe. Based from early accounts, depressed or melancholic people demonstrate bizarre behavior, in which nobody could pinpoint the re ason behind. Symptoms range from extreme sadness and lack of zeal in life to drastic mood changes. With the gradual development of modern scientific processes and correspondence among experts, specialists were able to define depression, identified its symptoms, and tried to discover its causes and remedies.Mental Health FacilitiesTraditional psychiatric hospitals and private psychiatrists and psychologists have been unable to meet the growing need for mental health services. The trend has been to develop local mental health clinics that offer the services of psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, family therapists and others.Emergency help is rendered to persons with acute mental disorders as well as to persons with chronic emotional problems. Short-term counselling and psychotherapy are usually provided. Programs are planned to deal with problems involving school, family, marriage partners, drug and alcohol abuse, and adolescence. Night clinics and suicid e prevention centers are often established if a need exists. A person in need of immediate assistance is frequently helped by phone â€Å"hotline† services, manned by counselors and others, such as trained volunteers.Many non-traditional facilities have been established to meet the needs of local area. An example of such a facility is a psychiatric day care center which was developed in a sparsely populated rural area in Michigan. Lacking funds to support a traditional psychiatric day care center, a psychiatric nursing consultant sought lay volunteers and used facilities in a community church to set up a program.This program was designed to maintain and support persons referred by the local hospital psychiatric service and the community mental health center outpatient service. The nurse spent two hours one day a week as a group therapist. She also acted as a consultant to the volunteers. The program successfully met its objectives. It has grown from one group and one voluntee r to three groups and thirty volunteers.Person-Centered TherapyPerson-centered therapy is differentiated from other forms of therapy because of its â€Å"focus on the importance of the therapeutic relationship for effective therapy† (Josefowitz & Myran 2005). The person-centered approach was founded by acclaimed American counselor and psychotherapist, Carl Rogers (Kirschenbaum 2004). Early during his career, Rogers witnessed how stubborn a client could become and all together reject therapy even if it is for his betterment.He then saw that patients could resist â€Å"even the most skilful therapist intervention† if such intervention is against his wish or purpose. Rogers realized the loopholes in the popular practices of his times for failing to incite effective client participation. He pondered on a new approach based on his understanding that â€Å"it is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been dee ply buried.†Rogers was the first to employ the â€Å"non-directive† approach. It was a unique method where the counselor does not question, interpret, advice, suggest or offer any directive remarks on the patient, he only listens. The therapist carefully reflect the patient’s thoughts back to him, with the idea of helping him realize his issues and then decide on his own the direction of his self-actualization.It was this non-directive method that applied the initiative that persons going into psychotherapies are not helpless individuals at the mere mercy of their psychotherapists’ designs. Clients can wilfully determine how their treatment should go because they are â€Å"responsible clients† who knows what aspects of their lives and personality need to be treated. His method has such respect for its patients that it assumes the key to a person’s self-actualization lies on the person and not on external influences (therapists or counselors). One of Roger’s important ideas that still have its impact today and is crucial to the personal approach is that a â€Å"counselor’s attitude is as important as his techniques† (Kirschenbaum 2004)Depression as a Mental Health IssueDepression is one of the most prevalent mental health medical cases in the United States today with about 18 million Americans or 9.5 percent of the population affected. The problem of depression is not to be taken lightly, nor set aside as sheer caprice of a problematic person. Medical institutions including the United State’s National Institute of Mental Health declared it as a serious â€Å"real illness,† not just because of its prevalence, but also because of its effect on the lives of the afflicted individuals. Monetary expenses is a give fact when seeking treatment for depression, yet the heavier costs are those that concerns the pains of the individuals, the drudgery they have to face everyday, and the correspondin g effect of the situation to their friends and loved ones.Depression has already been observed since the ancient times, even during the prehistoric times. Real efforts to comprehend depression were only apparently undertaken during the time of the Hellenistic Greeks. Later part of history revealed that the growth of psychiatric or psychological science was hampered due to society’s closed mindedness and lack of concern for the mentally ill. Nevertheless, with the sporadic studies now and then, it was discovered that depression was once called â€Å"melancholia† and scientists made quite commendable documentation of the symptoms they observed among melancholic persons (Hollon, 2002).The causes of depression are often summarized into the three classifications of neurobiology, genetics and environment. Neurobiological factors pertain to the abnormalities in neurotransmitters and hormones that affect mood, manner of handling stress, and perspective of traumatic situations. Genetics, as the name implies, refers to the inheritance of potential depression-causing gene traits within the family.There is no solid proof of the existence of this gene so far, although there are relevant studies made to suggest that genetics may indeed play a role. Besides the number of cases of within-family depression speaks for itself. The last factor, triggers environmental depression brought about by emotionally taxing events that are not easily forgotten or set aside, so that it comes to haunt the person and affect his normal life. Depression may also be learned when the thought of powerlessness is so internalised. The person feels depressed with that thought that whatever actions will not merit any change or improvement.ConclusionHealth Plans generally fall into three categories based on how they are organized to deliver/pay for care. HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) deliver services through provider networks and may use a member’s primary care provider as a ‘gatekeeper’ to more specialized services. PPOs (Preferred Provider Organizations) generally allow access to any provider, with some cost savings to a member for using providers in the network. Indemnity plans are traditional insurance products with defined cash payments, and no network limitations.At present, prevalent types of Health Plans are HMOs and PPOs   (Health Plan). Effective policy and decision-making cannot be made in a vacuum, and is committed to providing the most comprehensive data possible. Taking that into consideration, public Health Plan performance must be well studied and its data analyzed. The HMO as well as other health care delivery systems must unite in order to address this issue since they are all important and adequate means of health care for many consumers with mental health problems.REFERENCESBeck. A. (1967). Depression. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Grnblatt, E. (2006, November 3). Depression; New depression research has b een reported   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   by scientists at Ludwig Boltzmann Institute. Genomics & Genetics Weekly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved Feb. 8, 2007   http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1151092561&Fmt=3&clientId=11123&RQT=309&VName=PQDHollon, D.S., Thase, M.E. & Markowitz, J.C. (2002, November). Treatment and Prevention of Depression. Psychological Science, 3,   39. Retrieved Feb. 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=233500451&sid=5&Fmt=2&cli entId=11123&RQT=309&VName=PQD